They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. Equally important, rich deposits of the valuable metal silver. [67] The office of captain general involved to be the supreme military chief of the whole territory and he was responsible for recruiting and providing troops, the fortification of the territory, the supply and the shipbuilding. "Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." Sign up for telephone befriending [122] Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. [31][33] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. Effective Spanish settlement began in 1493, when Columbus brought livestock, seeds, agricultural equipment. Survivors continued to travel among indigenous groups in the North American south and southwest until 1536. Disease and overwork, disruption of family life and the agricultural cycle (which caused severe food shortages to Spaniards dependent on them) rapidly decimated the indigenous population. "[30] While a large number of mainstream-comics professionals both wrote and drew their own material during the Silver Age, as many had since the start of American comic books, their work is distinct from what another historian describes as the "raw id on paper" of Robert Crumb and Gilbert Shelton. Among straightforward Silver Age superheroes from publishers other than Marvel or DC, Charlton Comics offered a short-lived superhero line with characters that included Captain Atom, Judomaster, the Question, and Thunderbolt; Tower Comics had Dynamo, Mercury Man, NoMan and other members of the superhero espionage group T.H.U.N.D.E.R. The Silver Age of comic books was followed by the Bronze Age. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. [156], For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia. [127], Native populations declined significantly during the period of Spanish expansion. Showing the indigenous sides are Xicotencatl, a leader of the Spaniards' Tlaxcalan allies, and Aztec emperors Moctezuma II and Cuitlahuac. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. As many as 60 salaried soldiers were garrisoned in presidios. [44] Juan de Oñate expanded Spanish sovereignty over what is now New Mexico. In colonial Mexico, there are petitions to the king about a variety of issues important to particular indigenous communities when the noblemen did not get a favorable response from the local friar or priest or local royal officials. Often they erected a church on the site of an indigenous temple. [31], Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of Peru. ", Weber, David J. 37 (2) May 1957. The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. That was of enslaved Africans. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. Silver&Fit At Home 2 - Join us for Silver&Fit's Facebook and YouTube half hour exercise classes, every Monday - Friday starting at 10 am PT/1 pm ET. Our service is flexible to suit the different needs of everyone who takes part. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. "Fans immediately glommed onto this, refining it more directly into a Silver Age version of the Golden Age. Spalding, Karen. [119], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. Alcaldías mayores were larger districts with a royal appointee, the Alcalde mayor. Chocolate (Nahuatl: chocolate) and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. Expeditions continued into the 1540s and regional capitals founded by the 1550s. [47] The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture. An important feature of the period was the development of the character makeup of superheroes. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. [78] These elites played an intermediary role between the Spanish rulers and indigenous commoners. The image of mounted Araucanians capturing and carrying off white women was the embodiment of Spanish ideas of civilization and barbarism. Even though Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, they remained separate kingdoms so that when the Catholic Monarchs gave official approval for the plans for Columbus’s voyage to reach "the Indies" by sailing West, the funding came from the queen of Castile. [24] Harvey's focus shifted to children from 6 to 12 years of age, especially girls, with characters such as Richie Rich, Casper the Friendly Ghost, and Little Dot. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. ", "Spider-Man Debut Sells for $1.1 million", "Meet Stan Lee: The mind behind Spider-Man and Hulk", Comics and comic strips made into feature films, Michigan State University Comic Art Collection, Association of Comics Magazine Publishers, Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée, Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association, Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association, Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors, British Amateur Press Association (comics), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books&oldid=1006236641, 1970 disestablishments in the United States, Featured articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, First of two pilot issues for the feature ", First gathering of DC's superheroes as the, First gathering of Marvel's superheroes as the. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. "[104] As with many colonial institutions, corregimiento had its roots in Castile when the Catholic Monarchs centralize power over municipalities. Lost Items can appear all over the Monastery when exploring, and usually appear in specific areas each month for specific people. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. This page was last edited on 11 February 2021, at 20:00. 142-43. "California Indian Characteristics". Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernán Cortés received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. What can be called the visions of the vanquished, indigenous accounts written in the sixteenth century, are a rare case of history being written by those other than the victors. In addition to their individual titles, they teamed in their group series The Mighty Crusaders, joined by the Comet and Flygirl. [59] In addition, the Casa de Contratación took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. 1550-1600) to subdue them, but peace was only achieved by Spaniards’ making significant donations of food and other commodities the Chichimeca demanded. Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. [77], Wallace "1940s" in Dolan, p. 51: "Following, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 1–2.5 million people) by the early 17th century. The exchange did not go one way. [86] Indigenous noblemen were particularly important in the early period of colonization, since the economy of the encomienda was initially built on the extraction of tribute and labor from the commoners in their communities. In the Caribbean, there was no large-scale Spanish conquest of indigenous peoples, but there was indigenous resistance. Terraciano, Kevin. "Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. African slaves were imported to Spanish territories, although in lesser numbers than in English and Portuguese territories. Historian Will Jacobs suggests the Silver Age ended in April 1970 when the man who had started it, Julius Schwartz, handed over Green Lantern – starring one of the first revived heroes of the era – to the new-guard team of Denny … A number of major superheroes were created during this period, including Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Captain Marvel, and Captain America. The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. [65], As the basic political entity it was the governorate, or province. 1875. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. “Venezuela: The Colonial Era” in ‘’Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. [66] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. Treasury officials were generally paid out of the income from the province and were normally prohibited from engaging in personal income-producing activities. It wasn’t until Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began under the Crown of Castile and spearheaded by the Spanish conquistadors.The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions in South America and the Caribbean.The crown created civil and religious structures to administer this vast territory.
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