in, Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?" [150] Turkish fiction that deals with the genocide typically denies it, while claiming the fictional narrative is based on true events. Till Bastian, "Auschwitz und die «Auschwitz-Lüge». If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. On 1/12, the court denied plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment and entered judgment in favor of defendants. [89], In 1988, the American historian Arno J. Mayer published a book entitled Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, which did not explicitly deny the Holocaust, but according to Lucy Dawidowicz lent support to Holocaust denial by stating that most people who died at Auschwitz were the victims of "natural causes" such as disease, not gassing. There are probably many reasons and excuses for the undesired events that have taken place in Turkey. The documentary also examines the question of Robeson’ 1961 suicide attempt. In 1981, the foreign ministry established a dedicated office (İAGM) specifically to promote Turkey's view of the "Armenian question". Later political demands and Armenian killings of Muslims have often been cited as a retroactive justification for the 1915 genocide. We knew even before this was done that the Christian world would not stand for it, and that they would turn their fury and hatred on us because of it. [115] In August 2009, Hamas' told UNRWA that it would "refuse" to allow Palestinian children to study the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to Holocaust education as a "war crime". Denial is usually accompanied by "rhetoric of Armenian treachery, aggression, criminality, and territorial ambition".[4]. [23], In occupied France, the situation with respect to preserving war records was not much better, partly as a result of French state secrecy rules dating back to well before the war aimed at protecting the French government and the state from embarrassing revelations, and partly to avoid culpability. Even if it finally turned out that the number of victims was even greater and the procedures were even more horrific than has been assumed until now. [7] In some former Eastern Bloc countries, Holocaust deniers do not deny the mass murder of Jews, but deny the participation of their own nationals in the Holocaust. [67][68] According to historian Hans-Lukas Kieser, the "denial, trivialization, or relativization of major war crimes played a central role" in the formation of a Turkish nationalist consensus. No serious historian questions that the Holocaust took place. They deny Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state that the Shoah gives legitimacy to. [136][137][139] The state uses its monopoly to increase support for the official denialist position,[137][140] demonizing Armenians and presenting them as enemies. [60] In 2006, sixty of Butz's colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science faculty signed a censure describing Butz's Holocaust denial as "an affront to our humanity and our standards as scholars". For historians, in fact, the name revisionism has a resonance that is perfectly legitimate – it recalls the controversial historical school known as World War I 'revisionists', who argued that the Germans were unjustly held responsible for the war and that consequently the Versailles treaty was a politically misguided document based on a, "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? "It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate this figure [of Holocaust deaths] so that their gains will be greater. [106] After the 1918 armistice, incriminating documents in the Ottoman archives were systematically destroyed. Armenian Genocide denial is the claim that the Ottoman Empire and its ruling party, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), did not commit a genocide against its Armenian citizens during World War I—a crime documented in a large body of evidence and affirmed by the vast majority of scholars. In both cases, the mediators did their best to sideline historical disputes, which proved impossible. [38][clarification needed] Compounding this disbelief was the memory of forged newspaper accounts of the German Corpse Factory, an anti-German atrocity propaganda campaign during WWI, which was widely known to be false by 1945. Statistical differences in outcome by race cannot possibly be biological in origin. [227], More recent academic denialism in the United States has focused on the theme of an alleged Armenian uprising, said to justify the persecution of Armenians as a legitimate counterinsurgency. This followed a strong reaction by many of its members and commentary in the press against a near-unanimous decision that the AHA had made in May 1991 that studying the significance of the Holocaust should be encouraged. [181][182] After the 1980 Turkish military coup, Turkey developed more institutionalized ways of countering genocide claims. [239], According to researchers Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, there is a "convergence of evidence" that proves that the Holocaust happened. [66][67] Many leading members of the Turkish nationalist movement had been perpetrators of the genocide, or enriched themselves from it, creating an incentive for silence. in, Joseph Dan, "Four Ways of Holocaust Denial". In Germany in 2007 two scholars, Thorsten Eitz and Georg Stötzel, published a voluminous dictionary of German language and discourse regarding National Socialism and the Holocaust. [63][page needed], In 1980, the IHR promised a $50,000 reward to anyone who could prove that Jews were gassed at Auschwitz. [190][191] The government censorship handbook mandated strict limits about what could be said about Armenians, although penalties for violations were light. [149] Besides the Turkish state, Turkish intellectuals and civil society have also participated in denial. One of the early exceptions was the genocide perpetrator Esat Uras, who published The Armenians in History and the Armenian Question in 1950. [80][82] Nolte himself, though he has never denied the occurrence of the Holocaust, has claimed that the Wannsee Conference of 1942 never happened, and that the minutes of the conference were post-war forgeries done by "biased" Jewish historians designed to discredit Germany. [71], Zündel had a website, web-mastered by his wife Ingrid, which publicises his viewpoints. [55][56] App defended the Germans and Nazi Germany during World War II. [162][163], The Islamic conservative AK Party came to power in 2002[164][165] and took an approach to history that denigrated both the Young Turks and the early Republican era. Zündel's conviction was overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality, leading to a second trial in 1988, in which he was again convicted. [244][245] The European Union's Framework decision on Racism and Xenophobia states that denying or grossly trivializing "crimes of genocide" should be made "punishable in all EU Member States". *"The trouble erupted when the teacher's anti-Jewish (and, incidentally, anti-Catholic) views attracted complaints from certain Eckville parents, thereby inviting intervention from the district school superintendent, Robert David, in 1981. Denial of the mass murder of gas chambers, according to Douglas, repeats the Nazi efforts to persuade the victims that they were actually harmless showers. [188] Akçam stated in 2020 that Turkey has definitively lost the information war over the Armenian Genocide on both the academic and diplomatic fronts, with its official narrative being treated like ordinary denialism. The core ideology of our Ruling Class, which citizens contradict at peril of losing their livelihood, is Race Denialism. [99] Pierre Vidal-Naquet pointed out the same phenomenon in the earlier version of Les Assassins de la mémoire under the title Auschwitz et le tiers monde (Les Assassins de la mémoire, Paris, 2005, pp. In January 2019, in an interview in The New Yorker in connection with the publication of her book, Antisemitism: Here and Now, Holocaust historian Deborah E. Lipstadt expressed her opposition to laws against expressing Holocaust denial: I also don't think that these laws are efficacious. They picked out Hungary, Poland, Croatia and Lithuania as the worst offenders. [52] For example, Hoggan justified the huge one billion Reichsmark fine imposed on the entire Jewish community in Germany after the 1938 Kristallnacht as a reasonable measure to prevent what he called "Jewish profiteering" at the expense of German insurance companies and alleged that no Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht (in fact, 91 German Jews were murdered in the Kristallnacht). "[238], Many scholars consider it unethical for academics to deny the Armenian Genocide. [180] The resulting Treaty of Lausanne annulled the previous Treaty of Sevrès which had mandated the prosecution of Ottoman war criminals and the restoration of property to Christian survivors. [199] Holocaust survivor and Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel, during a 1999 discussion at the White House in Washington D.C., called the Holocaust "the most documented tragedy in recorded history. Chief prosecutor Gideon Hausner's intentions were not only to demonstrate Eichmann's guilt personally but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record. ", "American Jewish organization sees emergence of 'Holocaust denial' in Turkey", "Holocaust Revisionism Widespread in Croatia, Warns Report", "US Warns about Ustasha Glorification and Holocaust Denial", "Selective Amnesia: Croatia's Holocaust Deniers", "Croatia Must Not Whitewash the Horrors of Jasenovac", "Croatia Is Brazenly Attempting to Rewrite its Holocaust Crimes Out of History", "Book Event Questioning WWII Crimes Planned for Zagreb Church", "Simon Wiesenthal Centre urges Croatia to ban Jasenovac revisionist works", "Jewish rights group urges Croatia to ban pro-Nazi book", "Why It Matters That Hungary's Prime Minister Denounced His Country's Role in the Holocaust", "Hungary: Holocaust Denial, Incitement and Intimidation", "The denial syndrome and its consequences: Serbian political culture since 2000", Belgium's far right party in Holocaust controversy, "Canadian Alfred Schaefer Convicted of Holocaust Denial in Germany", Roberta (July 6, 2018) "Canadian Holocaust denier on trial in Germany for 'incitement to hatred'", "Canadian Holocaust denier arrested in Germany: Report", "Canadian Holocaust denier arrested in Germany", "Sorry Mom, I was wrong about the Holocaust" (video), "Alberta Holocaust denier reportedly arrested in Germany", "Canadian Holocaust Denier Arrested in Germany Following B’nai Brith Complaint", "Alberta Holocaust denier guilty of inciting hatred in German court", "One in 20 Britons does not believe Holocaust took place, poll finds", "The IHR Denounces Campaign Against Japanese Publishing Company,", "FIRST-EVER 50-STATE SURVEY ON HOLOCAUST KNOWLEDGE OF AMERICAN MILLENNIALS AND GEN Z REVEALS SHOCKING RESULTS", "Nearly two-thirds of US young adults unaware 6m Jews killed in the Holocaust", "Holocaust denial – The IHR's Questions & Answers, and Nizkor's Responses". "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. Holocaust-deniers make Nolte's life more comfortable. The pair had published video clips on YouTube of their denial of the genocide of Jews. On October 9, 1981, both parties in the Mermelstein case filed motions for summary judgment in consideration of which Judge Thomas T. Johnson of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County took "judicial notice of the fact that Jews were gassed to death at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944,"[64][65] judicial notice meaning that the court treated the gas chambers as common knowledge, and therefore did not require evidence that the gas chambers existed. Linda M. Yelland and William F. Stone, in particular, show that Denial essays decrease readers' belief in the Holocaust, regardless of their prior Holocaust awareness. "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." History. Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. [184], In January 2019, a survey conducted by Opinion Matters, on behalf of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust found that 5% of UK adults did not believe the Holocaust took place and one in 12 (8%) believed its scale has been exaggerated. Surveys conducted by Sammy Smooha of the University of Haifa found that the fraction of Israeli Arabs denying that millions of Jews were murdered by the Nazis increased from 28% in 2006 to 40% in 2008. That many of the sources cited by historians of the genocide are unreliable or forged, including Armenian survivors and Western diplomats, At the extreme end of denialist claims is that it is not Turks who committed genocide against Armenians but vice versa, as articulated by the, This page was last edited on 2 March 2021, at 02:12. [147], In 2015, the House of Cartoon and the Sarcheshmeh Cultural Complex in Iran organized the Second International Holocaust Cartoon Competition,[148] a competition in which artists were encouraged to submit cartoons on the theme of Holocaust denial. "Hitler and the Genesis of the 'Final Solution': An Assessment of David Irving's Theses" pages 390–429 from, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPerica2002 (, Per A. Rudling. Watch full episodes of FRONTLINE, the PBS documentary series, and explore news investigations from FRONTLINE's award-winning journalism team. The Carl Beck Papers. [72] In January 2002, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal delivered a ruling in a complaint involving his website, in which it was found to be contravening the Canadian Human Rights Act. Deborah Lipstadt. "[20], Lawrence Douglas argues that denial was invented by the perpetrators and employed as a means of genocide. [299][302][303] Although the court did not rule on whether the events of 1915 constituted genocide, and separate opinions recognized the genocide as a historical fact,[301] Perinçek misrepresented the verdict to claim that, "We put an end to the genocide lie. [252] Although he pleaded guilty to the charge, Irving said he had been "mistaken", and had changed his opinions on the Holocaust. [161] However, many Kurds, who themselves have suffered political repression in Turkey, have recognized and condemned the genocide. Public awareness changed when the Eichmann trial riveted the world's attention fifteen years after Nuremberg. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about a historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a reexamination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Perinçek appealed; in December, the Swiss Federal Court confirmed his sentence. [27][28][29] Massacres turned into genocide following the catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Sarikamish (January 1915), which was blamed on Armenian treachery. The judgment required IHR and other defendants to pay $90,000 to Mermelstein and to issue a letter of apology to "Mr. Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau and Buchenwald, and all other survivors of Auschwitz" for "pain, anguish and suffering" caused to them. Abbas claimed that the number of deaths has been exaggerated for political purposes. [79][80], Historian Erik-Jan Zürcher argues "a serious attempt to distance the republic from the genocide could have destabilized the ruling coalition on which the state depended for its stability". Arizona Election Contest #1. Monday, January 11. [85][62] Many of the main perpetrators, including Talat Pasha, were hailed as national heroes of Turkey; many schools, streets, and mosques are still named after them. In 1953, United States diplomat Arthur Richards expressed hope "that the book would never be made into a play or a movie because the Turkish people are particularly sensitive to this period of their history and are trying desperately to cover it up". [236][237] TCA has also provided financial support to several authors including McCarthy, Michael Gunter, Yücel Güçlü, and Edward J. Erickson for writing books that deny the Armenian Genocide. In contrast, the Holocaust denial movement bases its approach on the predetermined idea that the Holocaust, as understood by mainstream historiography, did not occur. [69], Following the genocide, many survivors sought an Armenian state in eastern Anatolia; warfare between Turkish nationalists and Armenians was fierce, with atrocities being committed on both sides. [210] Although FCO representatives have not used this argument since 2009, the Turkish government highlights it on its website as if it represents the current position of the British government. They also noted that Israel has supported many of the nationalist and revisionist governments mentioned in their report, rather than protesting such excessive revisionism. In "Secondary Anti-Semitism: From Hard-Core to Soft-Core Denial of the Shoah", Clemens Heni [de] writes: Contrary to the hard-core version, soft-core denial is often not easily identifiable. VATICAN CITY (CNS) — Pope Francis praised Catholic News Service for its work in supporting the church’s mission of proclaiming the Gospel and in making the truth known, particularly in an era of misinformation. Often it is tolerated, or even encouraged and reproduced in the mainstream, not only in Germany. [233][234] It was further witnessed by the Allied forces who entered Germany and its associated Axis states towards the end of World War II. During the trial in September, Baykam exposed the real author of the book as Adnan Oktar. Ward v. [6] Azerbaijan also denies the genocide and campaigns against its recognition internationally. [85] Nolte wrote that "radical revisionists have presented research which, if one is familiar with the source material and the critique of the sources, is probably superior to that of the established historians of Germany". If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. The December 1991 declaration is a reversal of the AHA's earlier stance that the association should not set a precedent by certifying historical facts. Whatever criminality they committed against the Jews, we condemn. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled....". Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. ", "The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians, "At this time, in the mid-1970s, the specter of Holocaust Denial (masked as 'revisionism') had begun to raise its head in Australia....". "It would be never-ending.... Their commitment is to an ideology and their 'findings' are shaped to support it. According to historian Ronald Grigor Suny, deportations of Armenians "rapidly radicalized monstrously into an opportunity to rid Anatolia once and for all of those peoples perceived to be an imminent existential threat to the future of the empire". ", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds). [9], Most Holocaust deniers claim, either explicitly or implicitly, that the Holocaust is a hoax—or an exaggeration—arising from a deliberate Jewish conspiracy designed to advance the interest of Jews at the expense of other people. [158] Holocaust denial in Croatia typically involves the downplaying or denial of the Holocaust carried out by the Ustasha regime, particularly against Serbs and Jews at the Jasenovac concentration camp and it is done by public figures, though the regime's victims also included Roma and anti-fascist Croats. Massenmord und Geschichtsfälschung", Beck'sche Reihe München, 1994. [168] As of 2020[update], all major political parties in Turkey, except the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party, as well as many pro- and anti-government media and civil society organizations support genocide denial. [6] Emory University professor Deborah Lipstadt has written that: "The deniers' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past. It is just as crucial, however, to distinguish between the wholly objectionable politics of denial and the fully legitimate scholarly revision of previously accepted conventional interpretations of any historical event, including the Holocaust. [42][43] During the Russian occupation of eastern Anatolia, Russian and Armenian forces massacred as many as 60,000 Muslims. [127][128][129] The conference represented the first major challenge to Turkey's founding myths in the public sphere[129] and resulted in the creation of an alternative, non-denialist historiography from select intellectuals in Istanbul and Ankara, which operates in parallel to an ongoing denialist historiography. I saw the gas chambers. [29][30], The Nuremberg trials took place in Germany after the war in 1945–1946. [157] Efraim Zuroff of the Simon Wiesenthal Center describes Croatia as a "cradle of Holocaust distortion". The accusation of Martha Corey marked a turning point in the Salem witch trials crisis of 1692 in Massachusetts. [59] At the time, little credence was paid to such statements internationally,[60] but some Muslims, who had previously felt ashamed over the crimes against Armenians, changed their mind in response to propaganda about Armenian atrocities. They have, with their radical argumentation, pulled the center a little more to their side.
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